- Proto-Hind-Ewropaki ra *om- ("xam, --bitter--")
- Proto-Aryaki ra
- Pehlewki: xām ("xam")
- Soğdki: x'm ("xam")
- Motuki: hāma ("xam")
- Farski: xām ("xam")
- Belaruski: hāmag ("xam")
- Kurmancki: xāv ("xam")
- Osetki: xom ("xam") ...
- (Zazaki: xām) Alfabeyê Ariki
- Sanskritki: āmá ("xam, --bitter--")
- Ermenki: hum ("xam, --uncooked--")
- Yunanki: ōmos ("xam")
- Latinki: amarus ("--bitter--")
- Horn, Paul. Dictionary of Persian Etymology (Strassburg, 1893),
- Watkins, Calvert. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. *Amazon.com ra,
- Lubotsky, Alexander. Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon . University of Leiden.
- Lubotsky, Alexander. The Indo-Iranian substratum. 1999. #
- Julius Pokorny's Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
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